Calculators

Resistors

Resistor calculators for circuit design, component selection, power dissipation, and hardware troubleshooting.

6 released calculators

Capacitors

Capacitor calculators for RC timing, filtering, signal coupling, energy storage, and component selection.

6 released calculators

Inductors

Inductor calculators for converter design, LC resonance, EMI filtering, RF circuits, and stored energy.

5 released calculators

Diodes

Diode calculators for rectification, zener regulation, voltage drops, protection circuits, and power loss.

6 released calculators

Transistors

Transistor calculators for BJT switching, gain, bias design, saturation, power dissipation, and amplifier analysis.

10 released calculators

LEDs

LED calculators for indicators, LED strips, high-power LEDs, RGB lighting, and current limiting.

12 released calculators

MOSFETs

MOSFET calculators for switching loss, conduction loss, gate drive, thermal checks, and power hardware design.

10 released calculators

Power

Power electronics calculators for regulators, converters, thermal design, current estimates, and hardware margins.

10 released calculators

PCB

PCB calculators for trace design, copper thickness, current capacity, thermal design, and board-level constraints.

10 released calculators

Converters

Use electronics conversion tools for frequency and period, AWG wire gauge, dBm and watts, hexadecimal, decimal, binary, and engineering workflows.

4 released calculators

Operational Amplifiers

Operational amplifier calculators for gain, feedback, filters, signal conditioning, and analog circuit design.

12 released calculators

Batteries

Battery calculators for capacity, runtime, energy, charging, pack configuration, and battery system design.

10 released calculators

RF

RF calculators for wavelength, impedance, antennas, RF power, matching, transmission, and wireless engineering.

12 released calculators

Communication

Communication calculators for UART, CAN, SPI, I2C, RS-485, and embedded electronic interfaces.

12 released calculators

Digital Logic

Digital logic calculators for binary systems, logic circuits, coding, checksums, timing, and digital electronics.

12 released calculators

Filters

Electronic filter calculators for cutoff frequency, bandwidth, resonance, passive filters, and active filter design.

12 released calculators

Oscillators

Oscillator and timing calculators for frequency, duty cycle, pulse width, clocks, timers, and timing circuits.

12 released calculators

Sensors

Sensor calculators for electronic measurement, signal conditioning, sensor interfaces, and sensing circuit design.

12 released calculators

Motors

Motor calculators for speed, torque, power, gearing, stepper motors, BLDC motors, and electronic motion systems.

12 released calculators

Thermal

Thermal calculators for junction temperature, thermal resistance, heat dissipation, heat sinks, and electronics cooling.

12 released calculators

Wire & Cable

Wire and cable calculators for voltage drop, conductor resistance, current, cable loss, and electrical wiring design.

12 released calculators

Transformers

Transformer calculators for turns ratio, voltage, current, impedance, power, windings, and magnetic design.

12 released calculators

Transformer Turns Ratio Calculator

Calculate ideal transformer turns ratio, primary and secondary voltage ratio, current ratio, and winding turns using a = Np/Ns.

Transformer Impedance Ratio Calculator

Calculate ideal transformer impedance ratio, primary-referred impedance, secondary-referred impedance, and required turns ratio using Zp/Zs = (Np/Ns)².

Transformer VA & Load Calculator

Calculate single-phase transformer VA rating, rated RMS current, load VA, load percentage, remaining capacity, overload amount, and design VA target.

Transformer Volts per Turn & Winding Turns Calculator

Calculate sine-wave transformer volts per turn, turns per volt, theoretical winding turns, practical integer turns, and RMS winding voltage from frequency, peak flux density, and effective core area.

Transformer Flux Density Calculator

Calculate transformer peak flux density Bmax from RMS winding voltage, sine-wave frequency, winding turns, and effective core area.

Transformer Voltage Regulation Calculator

Calculate transformer secondary voltage regulation from no-load and full-load voltage using the full-load denominator convention.

Transformer Efficiency & Loss Calculator

Calculate transformer real-power efficiency, input power, output power, total loss, loss percentage, and known core/copper/other loss breakdown.

Transformer Winding Resistance Calculator

Estimate transformer winding wire length, DC winding resistance, voltage drop, and I squared R copper loss from turns, mean length per turn, conductor size, and material.

Transformer Window Fill Calculator

Calculate transformer winding window utilization, effective occupied winding area, remaining window area, and theoretical maximum turns at an entered target fill.

Transformer Magnetizing Current Calculator

Calculate ideal transformer magnetizing reactance, RMS magnetizing current, equivalent magnetizing inductance, and excitation frequency from sinusoidal RMS quantities.

Transformer Reflected Load Calculator

Reflect actual transformer load impedance from secondary to primary or primary to secondary using a = Np/Ns and the ideal square-law relationship for R + jX loads.

Transformer Center-Tapped & Series-Parallel Windings Calculator

Analyze center-tapped transformer windings, series-aiding and series-opposing secondary windings, and compatible parallel winding current capability using RMS voltage and VA conventions.

Motor Torque, Power & Speed Calculator

Calculate motor shaft torque, mechanical power, RPM, angular velocity, horsepower, unit conversions, and operating-point comparisons using P = torque times angular speed.

DC Motor Back EMF Calculator

Calculate brushed DC motor back EMF, armature current, winding voltage drop, speed, Ke, no-load estimates, and voltage budgets from the steady-state V = E + IR model.

DC Motor Stall Current Calculator

Calculate DC motor stall current, total series resistance, voltage drops, I²R loss, current-limit behavior, stall torque, and hot winding resistance.

Motor Kv & Kt Calculator

Convert motor Kv in RPM/V, Kt in N·m/A, and Ke in V/(rad/s), then estimate torque from current, speed from back EMF, and datasheet constant consistency.

Motor Efficiency Calculator

Calculate motor efficiency, electrical input power, mechanical shaft output power, total loss, loss percentage, loss breakdown, and operating-point comparisons.

Motor Copper Loss Calculator

Calculate motor winding I²R copper loss, phase loss, stepper phase loss, hot winding loss, allowed RMS current, and copper-loss share.

Motor PWM Average Voltage Calculator

Calculate motor PWM average voltage, duty cycle, unipolar and bipolar H-bridge voltage, PWM timing, back-EMF headroom, and resistive current reference.

Motor Encoder RPM Calculator

Calculate motor encoder RPM, PPR, CPR, quadrature counts, count frequency, fixed-window counts, angular resolution, RPM resolution, and gearbox encoder references.

Motor Gear Ratio & Output Calculator

Calculate motor gearbox output RPM, output torque, required motor speed, required motor torque, gear teeth ratio, multi-stage ratio, efficiency, power balance, and gearbox loss.

Stepper Motor Steps & Resolution Calculator

Calculate stepper motor full steps per revolution, step angle, microstepping resolution, commanded angle, gearbox output resolution, leadscrew linear increment, counts per millimeter, and command quantization error.

Stepper Motor Pulse Frequency Calculator

Calculate stepper motor STEP pulse frequency, command step rate, pulse period, commanded RPM, gearbox output speed, leadscrew linear speed, required pulse rate, and command-rate-limited RPM references.

BLDC Electrical RPM & Frequency Calculator

Calculate BLDC and PMSM electrical frequency, electrical RPM, pole pairs, mechanical RPM, electrical period, angular velocity, six-step sector rate, and Hall transition references.

555 Astable Oscillator Calculator

Calculate 555 timer astable oscillator frequency, period, HIGH time, LOW time, duty cycle, RA, RB, timing capacitance, VCC thresholds, and worst-case tolerance range.

Wien Bridge Oscillator Calculator

Calculate Wien Bridge oscillator frequency, feedback factor, required amplifier gain, non-inverting gain resistors, loop gain, startup margin, tolerance range, and sine-wave slew-rate reference.

RC Phase-Shift Oscillator Calculator

Calculate classic three-section RC phase-shift oscillator frequency, loaded network attenuation, required inverting gain, loop gain, startup margin, gain dB, R/C values, and tolerance range.

Colpitts Oscillator Calculator

Calculate Colpitts oscillator tank frequency, equivalent capacitance, C1/C2 divider ratios, inductance, capacitor values, reactance, and tolerance range.

Hartley Oscillator Calculator

Calculate Hartley oscillator frequency, equivalent inductance, L1/L2 ratios, mutual inductance, coupling effects, capacitance, reactance, and tolerance range.

Clapp Oscillator Calculator

Calculate Clapp oscillator frequency, effective tank capacitance, C1/C2/C3 relationships, C3 tuning capacitor, sensitivity, reactance, and tolerance range.

Pierce Crystal Oscillator Calculator

Calculate Pierce crystal oscillator load capacitance, C1/C2 load capacitors, stray capacitance, load error, measured ppm error, and crystal specification ranges.

Schmitt Trigger RC Oscillator Calculator

Calculate Schmitt trigger RC oscillator frequency, period, high time, low time, duty cycle, threshold ratios, R/C values, and tolerance range.

Comparator Relaxation Oscillator Calculator

Calculate comparator relaxation oscillator thresholds, hysteresis, feedback ratio, RC timing, frequency, duty cycle, timing components, and tolerance range.

Ring Oscillator Calculator

Calculate digital inverter ring oscillator frequency, period, odd stage count, propagation delay, tPLH/tPHL timing, delay sensitivity, and PVT delay corners.

VCO Frequency & Gain Calculator

Calculate VCO output frequency, KVCO gain, control voltage, tuning range, frequency deviation, linearity, local KVCO, and tolerance corners.

Oscillator Frequency Tolerance & PPM Calculator

Calculate oscillator ppm, frequency error, measured accuracy, tolerance range, clock drift, worst-case and RSS error budgets, aging, temperature stability, and calibration residuals.

Strain Gauge Calculator

Calculate strain gauge resistance change, gauge factor, microstrain, quarter-bridge, half-bridge, full-bridge output, mV/V sensitivity, and tolerance references.

Load Cell Output Calculator

Calculate load-cell output voltage, mV/V sensitivity, excitation voltage, full-scale output, applied load, zero balance, tare offset, overload reference, and tolerance range.

Wheatstone Bridge Sensor Calculator

Calculate exact Wheatstone bridge sensor output, midpoint voltages, balance condition, common-mode voltage, mV/V response, target R4, and tolerance offset.

Hall-Effect Current Sensor Calculator

Calculate Hall-effect current sensor voltage, signed current, zero-current offset, mV/A sensitivity, calibration, range, ADC resolution reference, and tolerance corners.

Pressure Sensor Scaling Calculator

Scale pressure sensor voltage and 4-20 mA signals, convert pressure to signal, signal to pressure, analyze live zero, calibration, zero/span error, and loop receiver resistors.

Sensor Calibration Calculator

Fit sensor calibration equations from raw signal and reference data, calculate slope, offset, R², RMSE, residuals, inverse calibration, and calibration tables.

Sensor ADC Resolution Calculator

Calculate sensor ADC resolution, ADC LSB voltage, usable codes, engineering units per code, ADC code mapping, required bits, analog gain, offset, and ENOB references.

Ultrasonic Distance Calculator

Calculate ultrasonic time-of-flight distance from echo time, temperature-compensated speed of sound, round-trip timing, timeout, timer resolution, and timing error.

Accelerometer Voltage & g Calculator

Convert analog accelerometer voltage to signed acceleration using zero-g bias and mV/g sensitivity, with calibration, range, ADC resolution, tolerance, and drift references.

Accelerometer Tilt & Vector Calculator

Calculate three-axis accelerometer vector magnitude, roll, pitch, tilt from vertical, horizontal elevation, normalized XYZ projection, gravity consistency, and offset-corrected static tilt references.

Photodiode Sensor & TIA Calculator

Calculate photodiode optical power, photocurrent, responsivity, inverting TIA output voltage, feedback resistor, dark-current offset, shot-noise reference, RF-CF pole, quantum efficiency, and ADC optical resolution.

Analog Sensor Linear Scaling Calculator

Scale analog sensor voltage or current signals into engineering units, invert engineering targets back to signal values, calculate slope, intercept, span percentage, reverse ranges, 4-20 mA, 0-10 V, 0-5 V, and electrical uncertainty references.

Filter Q Factor & Bandwidth Calculator

Calculate filter Q factor, bandwidth, center frequency, lower and upper cutoff frequencies, fractional bandwidth, and second-order damping reference values.

RLC Filter Calculator

Analyze ideal series and parallel RLC filter resonance, Q factor, bandwidth, half-power frequencies, impedance, magnitude response, phase response, and bounded frequency sweep tables.

RL Filter Calculator

Analyze ideal RL low-pass and high-pass filters, cutoff frequency, time constant, inductive reactance, impedance, gain, phase, component values, and bounded frequency sweep tables.

LC Filter Calculator

Analyze loaded LC low-pass and high-pass filters, characteristic frequency, Q factor, damping, actual -3 dB frequency, peaking, component values, and frequency response sweep tables.

Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter Calculator

Design and analyze ideal second-order Sallen-Key low-pass filters, including natural frequency, Q factor, damping ratio, Butterworth gain, peaking, op-amp gain resistors, and frequency response sweep tables.

Sallen-Key High-Pass Filter Calculator

Design and analyze ideal second-order Sallen-Key high-pass filters, including natural frequency, Q factor, damping ratio, Butterworth gain, passband-relative -3 dB frequency, op-amp gain resistors, and frequency response sweep tables.

Multiple-Feedback Band-Pass Filter Calculator

Design and analyze ideal second-order multiple-feedback active band-pass filters with center frequency, Q factor, bandwidth, center gain, exact half-power frequencies, phase, and frequency response sweep tables.

Notch Filter Calculator

Design balanced Twin-T notch filters, calculate 50 Hz and 60 Hz rejection targets, estimate notch frequency, component ratios, tolerance envelope, Q, bandwidth, and ideal notch response.

Butterworth Filter Calculator

Calculate Butterworth filter order, cutoff frequency, low-pass and high-pass response, normalized poles, stage Q values, and bounded frequency sweep tables.

PWM Low-Pass Filter Calculator

Calculate PWM average voltage, first-order RC cutoff, carrier attenuation, exact steady-state ripple, settling time, harmonic components, and PWM-to-voltage filter trade-offs.

ADC Anti-Alias Filter Calculator

Plan ADC anti-alias low-pass filters with Nyquist frequency, alias folding, guard band, Butterworth order, interferer attenuation, and ADC LSB residual targets.

Pi Filter Calculator

Analyze passive CLC and CRC pi filters for power-supply ripple attenuation, loaded response, resonance reference, DC voltage drop, resistor power, and frequency sweep behavior.

RF Wavelength Calculator

Calculate RF wavelength, frequency, propagation velocity, velocity factor, quarter-wave length, and half-wave length for air, coax, transmission lines, fiber context, and custom media.

RF Power Converter & Calculator

Convert RF power between dBm, dBW, watts, milliwatts and microwatts, and calculate impedance-based RF voltage plus power, voltage and current ratios in dB.

VSWR & Return Loss Calculator

Convert VSWR, return loss, reflection coefficient magnitude, reflected power percentage, delivered power percentage, mismatch loss, and forward or reflected power readings.

Free-Space Path Loss Calculator

Calculate ideal RF free-space path loss from frequency and distance, solve maximum distance or frequency, and compare two wireless path-loss cases.

RF Link Budget Calculator

Calculate RF link budget received power, EIRP, antenna gains, path loss, receiver sensitivity, required transmit power, maximum allowable path loss, and link margin.

Antenna Length Calculator

Calculate quarter-wave, half-wave dipole, 5/8-wave, full-wave and custom antenna lengths from frequency, velocity factor and shortening factor.

Quarter-Wave Transformer Calculator

Calculate quarter-wave transformer characteristic impedance, quarter-wave physical length, frequency from length, velocity factor and shortening factor for narrowband RF impedance matching.

L-Network Impedance Matching Calculator

Calculate low-pass and high-pass RF L-network impedance matching quality factor, series reactance, shunt reactance, inductance and capacitance for real source and load impedances.

Transmission Line Calculator

Calculate RF transmission line wavelength, electrical length, phase shift, propagation delay, physical length, frequency and velocity factor for ideal lossless line estimates.

Coaxial Cable Loss Calculator

Calculate RF coaxial cable attenuation, cable loss, remaining output power, power ratio, maximum cable length and typical cable comparisons.

Noise Figure & Noise Temperature Calculator

Convert RF noise figure, noise factor, equivalent noise temperature, thermal noise, noise floor and cascaded receiver noise figure using Friis noise formula.

Friis Transmission Equation Calculator

Calculate ideal RF received power, required transmit power, maximum distance, required antenna gain and free-space link efficiency using the Friis transmission equation.

Non-Inverting Op-Amp Gain Calculator

Calculate ideal non-inverting op-amp closed-loop gain from feedback and ground resistor values, including gain in V/V and dB.

Inverting Op-Amp Gain Calculator

Calculate ideal inverting op-amp closed-loop gain from input and feedback resistor values, including gain magnitude, dB, and phase shift.

Differential Amplifier Calculator

Calculate ideal differential amplifier gain and output voltage from V1, V2, R1, and R2 for matched four-resistor op-amp circuits.

Summing Amplifier Calculator

Calculate ideal two-input inverting summing amplifier output voltage, input contributions, and weighted gains from resistor values.

Instrumentation Amplifier Calculator

Calculate ideal three-op-amp instrumentation amplifier gain, differential voltage, and output voltage from V+, V−, Rg, and internal resistor values.

Voltage Follower Calculator

Calculate ideal unity-gain op-amp buffer output voltage, supply margin, output swing status, and saturation warnings from input and supply rails.

Comparator Threshold Calculator

Calculate ideal comparator reference threshold voltage, HIGH or LOW output state, and threshold condition from Vcc, R1, R2, and Vin.

Active Low-Pass Filter Calculator

Calculate first-order active low-pass filter cutoff frequency, RC time constant, passband gain, dB gain, and magnitude at the -3 dB point.

Active High-Pass Filter Calculator

Calculate first-order active high-pass filter cutoff frequency, RC time constant, passband gain, dB gain, and magnitude at the -3 dB point.

Op-Amp Integrator & Differentiator Calculator

Calculate ideal op-amp integrator output, differentiator output, RC time constant, characteristic frequency, and transfer function summary.

Op-Amp Slew Rate Calculator

Calculate required op-amp slew rate, maximum sine-wave frequency, full-power bandwidth, and maximum output amplitude.

Op-Amp Gain Bandwidth Product Calculator

Calculate required op-amp gain-bandwidth product, maximum closed-loop bandwidth, maximum gain, and noise gain.

Frequency to Period Converter

Convert frequency to period and period to frequency for clocks, PWM, RF, and timing calculations.

Hex Decimal Binary Converter

Convert hexadecimal, decimal, binary, octal, and custom bases with two's complement, bitwise operations, bit fields, and ASCII code tools.

dBm to Watt Converter

Convert dBm, dBW, watts, RF gain/loss, cascaded power levels, and voltage-to-power values for known impedance.

AWG to mm² Converter

Convert AWG to metric area, diameter, circular mil, conductor resistance, weight, and wire reference data.

Power Factor Calculator

Calculate AC power factor, real, reactive and apparent power, and phase angle.

Inrush Current Calculator

Calculate startup peak current, required limiting resistance, and capacitor RC charge time.

Fuse Size Calculator

Estimate minimum and standard fuse current ratings from load current, margin, inrush, and fuse type.

Voltage Current Resistance Calculator

Calculate voltage, current, resistance, and power relationships for power-stage and supply calculations.

Power Supply Current Calculator

Calculate output current, efficiency-adjusted input current, or recommended power-supply current rating.

Voltage Drop Calculator

Calculate wire resistance, voltage drop, delivered load voltage, and cable power loss for one-way or round-trip conductors.

Battery Capacity Runtime Calculator

Calculate simple battery capacity, load current, or runtime for power budgeting with engineering-unit conversion.

Battery Life Calculator

Calculate battery life, required battery capacity, and average current from duty cycle with mAh, Ah, current, runtime, and efficiency inputs.

Battery Capacity Converter

Convert battery capacity between Ah, mAh, µAh, and coulombs using standard charge-unit relationships.

Battery Energy Calculator

Calculate battery energy in Wh, mWh, and kWh, or solve required battery capacity and nominal voltage from Ah, mAh, and energy.

Battery Charging Time Calculator

Estimate battery charging time, required average charging current, or added capacity from battery capacity, state of charge, current, time, and charging efficiency.

Battery Discharge Calculator

Estimate battery discharge time, remaining usable capacity, and runtime-based average current from rated capacity, usable capacity factor, SOC window, and load current.

Duty Cycle Battery Runtime Calculator

Calculate average current, battery runtime, and required battery capacity for Active, Idle, and Sleep duty-cycle load profiles.

Battery Pack Voltage Calculator

Calculate battery pack nominal voltage, full-charge voltage, cutoff voltage, and required series cell count.

Battery Series & Parallel Calculator

Calculate battery pack voltage, capacity, energy, total cell count, and required series-parallel configuration.

Battery C-Rate Calculator

Calculate battery C-rate, charge and discharge current, required capacity, and maximum continuous current.

Battery Efficiency Calculator

Calculate coulombic efficiency, energy efficiency, round-trip efficiency, battery energy loss, and required input energy.

Power Calculator

Calculate electrical power, current, or voltage from P = V × I with automatic engineering-unit conversion.

Power Dissipation Calculator

Calculate watt loss from voltage, current, or resistance and check power rating, margin, and derating status.

Efficiency Calculator

Calculate efficiency, input power, output power, and power loss for electronic power stages.

Ohm's Law Calculator

Calculate voltage, current, resistance, and power from any two known values in a DC circuit.

Resistor Color Code Calculator

Decode 4-band, 5-band, and 6-band resistor colors with tolerance, resistance range, and temperature coefficient.

SMD Resistor Code Calculator

Decode 3-digit, 4-digit, R notation, decimal, and EIA-96 surface-mount resistor markings.

Voltage Divider Calculator

Calculate divider output voltage, reverse-solve R1 or R2, and check divider current and resistor power.

Series & Parallel Resistor Calculator

Calculate equivalent resistance for dynamic series and parallel resistor networks with mixed resistance units.

LED Resistor Calculator

Calculate LED current-limiting resistance, the next higher E24 value, power rating, and total circuit current.

LED Current Calculator

Calculate LED operating current, resistor voltage drop, resistor power, LED power, and total circuit power.

LED Power Calculator

Calculate LED power, supply power, resistor loss, and total circuit power for single LEDs, series strings, and LED arrays.

LED Series Array Calculator

Calculate maximum LEDs in series, required resistor value, LED string current, voltage headroom, power, and efficiency.

LED Parallel Array Calculator

Calculate branch current, resistor values, LED count, total power, and supply requirements for parallel LED arrays.

LED Strip Power Calculator

Calculate LED strip power, supply current, power-supply capacity, voltage drop, power-injection spacing, controller sizing, and battery runtime.

High Power LED Thermal Calculator

Calculate high-power LED junction temperature, heat dissipation, heatsink thermal resistance, thermal margin, and maximum safe current.

LED Driver Efficiency Calculator

Calculate LED driver efficiency, input power, output power, power loss, thermal rise, supply requirements, and annual energy use.

LED PWM Dimming Calculator

Calculate LED PWM duty cycle, average current, on-time, timer register values, gamma correction, resolution, switching loss, and dimming frequency.

RGB LED Resistor Calculator

Calculate separate resistor values, current, and power for red, green, and blue channels in common-anode or common-cathode RGB LEDs.

LED Lumen, Candela & Lux Calculator

Convert lumens, candela, and lux, and calculate luminous efficacy, beam angle, required LED quantity, and lighting performance.

LED CCT & Chromaticity Calculator

Convert LED CIE xy, uv, and u′v′ coordinates, estimate CCT and Duv, compare white LEDs, and calculate approximate blackbody chromaticity.

Capacitor Code Calculator

Decode three-digit ceramic capacitor codes and tolerance letters into pF, nF, and µF values.

Series & Parallel Capacitor Calculator

Calculate equivalent capacitance for dynamic series and parallel capacitor networks with mixed units.

RC Time Constant Calculator

Calculate RC time constant, charge and discharge timing, and reference voltages from resistance and capacitance.

Capacitive Reactance Calculator

Calculate capacitive reactance and angular frequency from capacitance and AC frequency with engineering unit conversion.

RC Low-pass Filter Calculator

Calculate RC low-pass cutoff frequency, time constant, voltage gain, attenuation, and phase shift.

RC High-pass Filter Calculator

Calculate RC high-pass cutoff frequency, time constant, voltage gain, attenuation, frequency ratio, and phase shift.

LC Resonance Calculator

Calculate LC resonant frequency and angular frequency, or solve inductance or capacitance for a target frequency.

Inductive Reactance Calculator

Calculate ideal inductive reactance and angular frequency from AC frequency and inductance with engineering unit conversion.

Inductor Energy Calculator

Calculate magnetic energy stored in an inductor, or reverse-solve inductance and current with engineering unit conversion.

RL Time Constant Calculator

Calculate RL time constant, current rise and decay references, or reverse-solve inductance and resistance.

Air Core Inductor Calculator

Estimate single-layer air-core coil inductance or reverse-calculate turns using Wheeler's formula and mixed length units.

LED Series Calculator

Calculate LED string capacity, voltage headroom, current-limiting resistance, E24 selection, and resistor power.

Zener Diode Resistor Calculator

Calculate zener regulator resistance, E24 selection, current distribution, resistor power, and zener power.

Bridge Rectifier Calculator

Calculate half-wave and bridge rectifier voltage, ripple frequency, PIV, diode loss, and ideal efficiency.

Schottky vs Silicon Diode Calculator

Compare silicon and Schottky diode forward voltage, conduction loss, saved power, and voltage efficiency.

Diode Power Dissipation Calculator

Calculate diode conduction loss, thermal rise, junction temperature, rating margins, and operating status.

Diode Forward Voltage Calculator

Estimate typical forward voltage and conduction power for silicon, Schottky, germanium, and LED diodes.

BJT Base Resistor Calculator

Calculate NPN transistor base resistance, GPIO current, E24 selection, power, and saturation margin.

BJT Gain Calculator

Calculate BJT current gain, collector current, or base current from Ic, Ib, and β / hFE.

Transistor Switch Calculator

Analyze NPN low-side switch current, base drive, forced beta, GPIO margin, saturation status, and power.

Bias Voltage Divider Calculator

Design BJT voltage-divider bias networks, analyze the DC operating point, and reverse-size R1 or R2.

Emitter Resistor Calculator

Calculate BJT emitter resistance, current, voltage, and resistor power for bias stability design.

Darlington Pair Calculator

Calculate Darlington combined gain, base current, collector current, equivalent VBE, and power reference.

BJT Saturation Calculator

Check BJT saturation, forced beta, base-drive margin, required base current, collector current, and power.

Transistor Power Dissipation Calculator

Calculate BJT or MOSFET power loss, temperature rise, junction temperature, margins, and thermal status.

Common Emitter Amplifier Calculator

Calculate BJT common-emitter voltage gain, loaded gain, DC operating point, and signal headroom.

Small Signal Gain Calculator

Calculate BJT transconductance, small-signal emitter resistance, loaded voltage gain, and gain in dB.

MOSFET Gate Resistor Calculator

Calculate MOSFET gate current, external gate resistance, switching time, driver margin, and gate-drive energy.

MOSFET Conduction Loss Calculator

Calculate MOSFET conduction loss from current, hot RDS(on), duty cycle, and parallel device count.

MOSFET Switching Loss Calculator

Calculate MOSFET turn-on, turn-off, total switching energy, and average switching power loss.

MOSFET Total Power Dissipation Calculator

Calculate MOSFET conduction, switching, and gate-drive loss with junction temperature and thermal margin.

MOSFET Junction Temperature Calculator

Calculate MOSFET junction temperature, thermal margin, maximum power, and required junction-to-ambient thermal resistance.

MOSFET Gate Drive Power Calculator

Calculate MOSFET gate energy, gate-drive power, driver input power, and average gate current.

MOSFET Safe Operating Area Calculator

Check MOSFET SOA margin or calculate maximum drain current and voltage from voltage, current, and power boundaries.

MOSFET Parallel Current Sharing Calculator

Estimate parallel MOSFET current sharing, worst-case device current, RDS(on) mismatch, and conduction loss.

MOSFET Thermal Resistance Calculator

Calculate MOSFET total thermal resistance, temperature rise, junction temperature, and required heatsink thermal resistance.

MOSFET Efficiency Calculator

Calculate MOSFET conduction, switching, and gate-drive loss with total loss and estimated power-stage efficiency.

PCB Trace Width Calculator

Calculate PCB trace width, resistance, voltage drop, and power loss from current, copper thickness, temperature rise, and layer location.

PCB Current Capacity Calculator

Estimate PCB trace current capacity, resistance, voltage drop, and power loss from copper geometry and temperature rise.

PCB Copper Thickness Calculator

Convert PCB copper thickness between oz, micrometers, millimeters, and mils, and calculate trace cross-sectional area.

PCB Via Current Calculator

Estimate PCB via barrel area, resistance, current sharing, voltage drop, power loss, and loading risk.

PCB Voltage Drop Calculator

Calculate temperature-adjusted PCB trace resistance, voltage drop, power loss, and voltage-drop percentage.

PCB Thermal Via Calculator

Estimate PCB thermal via conductance, equivalent thermal resistance, heat flow, and temperature difference.

PCB Creepage Distance Calculator

Estimate preliminary PCB creepage spacing from working voltage, pollution degree, CTI material group, and insulation type.

PCB Clearance Distance Calculator

Estimate required PCB air clearance, maximum voltage band, and existing-gap status with altitude correction.

PCB Differential Pair Impedance Calculator

Estimate PCB single-ended and differential impedance, coupling, and geometry effects for microstrip or stripline.

PCB Microstrip / Stripline Impedance Calculator

Estimate PCB characteristic impedance, effective dielectric constant, propagation velocity, and delay for microstrip or stripline.

UART Baud Rate Calculator

Calculate UART baud rate timing, bit time, character time, frame bits, transmission time, data rate and character rate for serial communication.

UART Timing Calculator

Calculate UART bit time, frame time, packet transmission time, sampling instant, baud-rate error and timing comparisons for serial communication.

I²C Pull-up Resistor Calculator

Calculate I²C pull-up resistor values, rise time, bus capacitance limits, sink current, and RC time constant for open-drain serial buses.

SPI Clock Calculator

Calculate SPI clock divider settings, bit time, byte transfer time, block transfer time, ideal throughput, and CPOL / CPHA mode reference.

CAN Bus Bit Timing & Baud Rate Calculator

Calculate Classical CAN bus bit timing, CAN baud rate, time quantum, effective prescaler, TSEG1, TSEG2, sample point, SJW, and timing candidates.

RS-232 Cable Length Calculator

Estimate RS-232 cable length from capacitance budget, cable capacitance per unit length, non-cable load, baud rate, UART frame timing, and propagation delay.

RS-485 Termination Calculator

Calculate RS-485 termination resistor match, effective bus load, termination current, resistor power, split termination, and reflection estimates.

Ethernet PoE Power Calculator

Calculate IEEE PoE power budget, PD available power, cable loss, current, voltage, efficiency, and multi-port switch power.

USB Power Budget Calculator

Calculate USB power, current, voltage drop, cable power loss, available power, efficiency, and multi-device USB power budget.

Data Rate Converter

Convert data rates between bps, kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Tbps, B/s, MB/s, GB/s, and IEC byte-rate units, and calculate ideal transfer time or required data rate.

Network Throughput Calculator

Calculate effective network throughput, protocol efficiency, bandwidth utilization, overhead loss, transfer time, and data transfer capacity.

Communication Latency Calculator

Calculate theoretical communication latency, transmission delay, propagation delay, processing delay, queueing delay, total latency, and round trip time.

Logic Gate Truth Table Calculator

Generate truth tables, Boolean expressions, gate descriptions, comparisons, and custom input results for AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR logic gates.

Boolean Logic Calculator

Evaluate Boolean expressions, generate truth tables, compare logical equivalence, validate syntax, and inspect parsed expression structure.

Karnaugh Map Simplifier

Simplify 2, 3, and 4 variable Boolean logic with Karnaugh maps, minterms, don't-care terms, Gray-code ordering, and verified SOP output.

Binary Arithmetic Calculator

Calculate fixed-width binary addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, carry, borrow, overflow, and signed or unsigned interpretation.

Two's Complement Calculator

Convert decimal integers to two's-complement binary, decode signed binary patterns, analyze signed ranges, detect overflow, and perform sign extension.

Binary Bitwise Calculator

Calculate fixed-width binary AND, OR, XOR, NOT, shifts, bit masks, set, clear, toggle, test, register field extraction, and Hamming distance.

Gray Code Converter

Convert binary to Gray code, Gray code to binary, decimal to Gray, and generate Binary-Reflected Gray Code sequences for encoders and digital state analysis.

Flip-Flop Calculator & Truth Table

Analyze SR, JK, D, and T flip-flop next states, characteristic tables, excitation tables, transitions, and ideal clock-edge sequences.

Counter & Modulus Calculator

Calculate required flip-flops, counter modulus, maximum states, unused states, wraparound behavior, cascaded counters, and Mod-N design comparisons.

Frequency Divider Calculator

Calculate digital clock divider ratios, output frequency, output period, counter bits, binary counter stages, nearest integer divider error, and divider design comparisons.

Digital Timing Calculator

Calculate setup margin, hold margin, maximum theoretical clock frequency, clock skew effects, clock uncertainty, and synchronous timing path budgets.

Logic Level Compatibility Calculator

Check digital logic-level compatibility using VOH, VOL, VIH, VIL, HIGH and LOW noise margins, bidirectional thresholds, input-voltage limits, and open-drain pull-up logic.

Thermal Resistance & Temperature Rise Calculator

Calculate thermal resistance, temperature rise, final temperature, maximum steady-state power, allowable Rθ, and thermal margin for electronics cooling.

Heat Sink Thermal Resistance Calculator

Calculate required heatsink RθSA, junction temperature, sink temperature, thermal path drops, suitability margin, and maximum steady-state thermal power.

Thermal Resistance Network Calculator

Calculate equivalent thermal resistance, series temperature drops, parallel heat-flow distribution, and simple series-parallel thermal networks.

Thermal Derating Calculator

Calculate allowable rating, remaining rating, derating slope, zero-rating endpoint, maximum operating temperature, and applied-load margin from datasheet thermal derating data.

NTC Thermistor Calculator

Calculate NTC thermistor resistance, temperature, Beta value, Steinhart-Hart conversion, and first-order self-heating estimates.

RTD PT100 / PT1000 Calculator

Calculate PT100 and PT1000 RTD resistance, temperature, sensitivity, and measurement-current self-heating using IEC 60751 Callendar-Van Dusen equations.

Thermal Interface Material Calculator

Calculate TIM bulk thermal resistance, temperature drop, heat transfer, required conductivity, bond-line thickness, contact area, and TIM comparison results.

Heat Conduction Calculator

Calculate steady-state heat conduction, Fourier's law heat transfer, thermal resistance, heat flux, required thermal conductivity, required thickness, and composite wall conduction.

Thermal RC Time Constant Calculator

Calculate thermal time constant, first-order heating response, cooling response, time to target temperature, thermal capacitance, and required thermal R/C values.

Convection Heat Transfer Calculator

Calculate convection heat transfer rate, heat flux, convective thermal resistance, required heat-transfer coefficient, required surface area, and surface or fluid temperature.

Electronics Enclosure Temperature Rise Calculator

Estimate electronics enclosure temperature rise, internal air temperature, required thermal resistance, effective UA, heat-rejecting area, allowable heat load, and ventilation airflow.

Temperature Coefficient Calculator

Calculate first-order temperature coefficient drift, ppm per degree, percent per degree, absolute coefficient change, target temperature, and worst-case temperature range.

Wire Resistance Calculator

Calculate DC wire resistance from conductor material, length, cross-sectional area, or AWG size, including one-way conductor and two-conductor cable loop resistance.

Wire Voltage Drop Calculator

Calculate DC wire voltage drop, voltage drop percentage, delivered load voltage, loop resistance, and I²R cable power loss from AWG, cable length, current, and conductor material.

Wire Size Calculator

Calculate minimum conductor area and recommended AWG based on a DC voltage-drop limit, cable length, load current, supply voltage, and conductor material.

Maximum Wire Length Calculator

Calculate voltage-drop-limited maximum one-way cable length from conductor size, material, current, supply voltage, and allowed voltage drop.

Wire Power Loss Calculator

Calculate DC wire I²R power loss, voltage drop, energy loss, load power, and conductor delivery efficiency from wire resistance, length, area, AWG, and current.

Current Density Calculator

Calculate conductor current density, required area, and current from current-density criteria using J = I/A with AWG and area unit support.

Parallel Wire Calculator

Calculate equivalent area, resistance, current sharing, current density, voltage drop, and I²R loss for identical parallel conductors.

Wire Geometry & Circular Mils Calculator

Convert wire diameter, conductor area, circular mils, kcmil, and AWG geometry using exact solid circular conductor formulas.

Wire Resistivity & Conductivity Calculator

Convert electrical resistivity and conductivity, calculate wire resistance from material property and geometry, or infer resistivity from measured conductor data.

Wire Mass & Weight Calculator

Estimate bare copper, aluminum, or custom-density conductor mass, volume, mass per meter, kg per kilometer, and standard-gravity weight force from area, length, and quantity.

Wire Resistance vs Temperature Calculator

Calculate wire resistance at temperature, resistance change, percent change, and estimated wire temperature from measured conductor resistance using copper, aluminum, or custom TCR.

Wire Gauge Comparison Calculator

Compare AWG, metric area, circular mil, resistance per length, conductor mass, voltage drop, power loss, and current density for candidate wire sizes.